• monoporate (pore
  with distinct annulus)
• spheroidal shape
• psilate/scabrate/weakly verrucate

Cyperaceae (sedges)

• inaperturate or peripor(oid)ate
• grains pear-shaped
• scabrate-verrucate
• 3 lateral poroids and 1 poroid on broad end

Asteraceae (subfamily Liguliflorae)

• tricolporate
• echinate
• exine structure consisting of lacunae separated by echinate ridges in a geometrical pattern

Asteraceae (subfamily Tubuliflorae)

• tricolporate
• echinate
• exine without lacunae or ridges
• spines >1.5 µm
• polar area small

Artemisia (sages)

• tricolporate
• psilate-scabrate
• spheroidal
• no equatorial thickening of endexine
• exine thick (3-4 µm) but thinning towards colpus
• columellae distinct
• micro-echinategrain 18-30 µm

Cornus canadensis (bunchberry)

• tricolporate
• psilate
• prolate
• pore not circular
• pore not elongated but characterized by a constriction of the colpus
• grain 18-25 µm

Thalictrum (western meadowrue)

• periporate
• psilate
• spheroidal
• pore not distinctly annulate
• pore margin indistinct
• 6-12 pores
• 15-30 µm

Valeriana sitchensis (sitka valerian)

• tricolpate
• small scattered spines
• visible columellae holding up the tectum of the ektexine
• colpus membrane is ruptured in most and bears verrucate elements on the thing surface

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GLOSSARY